Chapter 1 Introduction / 1
1.1 The Background of this Study / 2
1.1.1 The Socio-political Background / 2
1.1.2 The Paucity of Ci Research / 3
1.2 The Importance of Li Qingzhao / 5
1.3 The Research Niche / 7
1.4 The Research Objectives / 9
1.5 Research Questions and Outlines / 9
1.6 Research Methodologies / 11
1.6.1 A Bibliographic Research Method / 12
1.6.2 Quantitative Methods / 13
1.6.3 Qualitative Methods / 13
1.7  Significance of this Study / 14
1.8 Cultural Background / 18
1.8.1 Chinese Literary Terms and Names / 18
1.8.2 The Introduction of Ci / 20
1.9 Introduction of Li Qingzhao and Her Works / 25
1.9.1 Introduction to Her Life / 26
1.9.2 Brief Introduction of Her Works / 29
Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework / 32
2.1 Retranslation and its Motives / 32
2.1.1  Definition / 32
2.1.2 The Motives for Retranslations / 34
2.2 Research Methodologies of Retranslation / 41
2.3 Research Fields and Relevant Research / 42
2.4 Poetry Retranslation / 45
2.4.1 Traditional Approaches to Poetry Retranslation / 45
2.4.2 Other Multiple Approaches / 46
2.4.3 Poetry Retranslation in the 21st Century / 49
2.4.4 Chinese Poetry Retranslation with Paratexts / 50
Chapter 3 Literature Review / 53
3.1 The English (Re)translations of Li Qingzhao’s Works in Chinese
Mainland / 53
3.1.1 Before 1980 / 53
3.1.2 From the 1980s to 1990s / 54
3.1.3 From 2000 to 2009 / 57
3.1.4 From 2010 to 2022/3 / 59
3.2 Studies on Li Qingzhao’s English (Re)translations in Chinese
Mainland / 63
3.2.1 The Overview of Studies / 63
3.2.2  Specific Research Foci and Methods / 68
3.3 (Re)translations of Li Qingzhao’s Works and Relevant Research in the
Anglophone West / 71
3.3.1 From the 1910s to 1950s / 71
3.3.2 From the 1960s to 1970s / 72
3.3.3 From the 1980s to 1990s / 74
3.3.4 From 2000 to 2022/2023 / 76
3.3.5 Beyond Published Print Academic Journals and Books / 79
3.4 Conclusion / 81
Chapter 4 (Re)translations and Reception of Li Qingzhao’s Works: A Macro Contextual Perspective / 83
4.1 Examining Overall Published Paratexts / 84
4.1.1 Selection of Material / 84
4.1.2 Sourcing from Published Paratexts / 87
4.1.3 Discussion / 88
4.1.4 Further Findings from Paratexts / 92
4.2 Examining Translators / 94
4.2.1 Selection of Materials / 95
4.2.2 Visibility /Popularity of Translators / 95
4.2.3 Discussion / 97
4.3 Examining the Origin of Source Work / 101
4.3.1  Definition of “Source Texts” / 102
4.3.2 Selection of Materials / 102
4.3.3 Sourcing from Paratexts / 103
4.3.4 Discussion / 105
4.4 Examining (Re)translated Source Texts / 109
4.4.1 Overall Preference for Ci / 109
4.4.2 Discussion / 110
4.4.3 Overall Preference for Other Types of Works / 113
4.4.4 Further Discussion / 114
4.5 Examining Monographs on Women’s Literature / 115
4.5.1 Selection of Materials / 116
4.5.2 Preference of Female-centric Monographs / 116
4.5.3 Discussion / 118
4.6 Examining Anthologies / 120
4.6.1 Selection of Material / 120
4.6.2 Preference from Anthologies / 121
4.6.3 Discussion / 123
4.7 The Dynamics in the Proportion of Li Qingzhao’s (Re)translated
Works / 125
4.7.1 Data Filtration and Collection / 125
4.7.2 Synchronic Examination / 127
4.7.3 Discussion / 128
4.7.4 Diachronic Examination / 129
4.7.5 Discussion / 130
Chapter 5 (Re)translations and Reception of Li Qingzhao’s Complete Collections:
A Peritextual Analysis / 134
5.1 Titles, Subtitles and Cover Design / 135
5.1.1 Titles and Subtitles / 136
5.1.2 Cover Design / 141
5.2 Blurb on Dust Jackets, Flaps and Back Covers / 145
5.2.1 Blurb on the Back Cover of Rexroth and Chung (1979) / 146
5.2.2 Blurbs on Other Collections / 147
5.3 Contents Pages and Organisation / 152
5.3.1 Contents Pages / 152
5.3.2 Organisation and Presentation / 154
5.4 Notes / 156
5.4.1 Eroticisation / 156
5.4.2 Cases of Ambiguity / 163
5.4.3 Over-annotation / 164
5.4.4 Possible Causes and Impacts / 165
5.5 Conclusion / 168
Chapter 6 (Re) translation and Reception of Li Qingzhao’s Works: Within the
Dataset and Beyond / 170
6.1 A Contextual Analysis of French-English (Re)translations through
Paratexts / 171
6.1.1 Whithall’s (1918) Chinese Lyrics from The Book of Jade / 171
6.1.2 Rexroth’s (1956) One Hundred Poems from the Chinese / 171
6.1.3 About Chinese Women (Barrows, 1977) and Chinese Literature, Ancient
and Classical (Nienhauser, 2000) / 173
6.2 A Textual Analysis of French-English (Re)translations by Case Studies
/ 175
6.3 Influence of French-English (Re)translation on the Source Culture
/ 177
6.4  Reception and Influence of Li Qingzhao on the Target Culture Beyond
the (Re)translation Dataset / 179
6.4.1 Examining Poems Published in Print and Digital Journals / 181
6.4.2 Examining Poems and Proses in Book Chapters / 184
6.4.3 Other Forms of Creative Responses / 191
6.5 Conclusion / 194
Chapter 7 Conclusions / 196
7.1 Revisiting the Research Questions / 196
7.2 Proposals for (Re) translations and Circulation of Li Qingzhao’s Works / 203
7.3 Major Contributions / 206
7.4 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research / 211
Bibliography / 213
English Sources / 213
Chinese Sources / 239
Appendixes / 256
Appendix 3-1: Publications from the 1910s to 1950s　/ 256
Appendix 3-2: Publications from the 1960s to 1970s　/ 257
Appendix 3-3: Publications from the 1980s to 1990s　/ 259
Appendix 3-4: Publications from 2000 to 2022/2023　/ 263
Appendix 4-1: Publishing information of 95 (re) translations　/ 267
Appendix 4-2: Categories of publishers　/ 274
Appendix 4-3: Translators and popularity　/ 274
Appendix 4-4: Chinese source references　/ 280
Appendix 4-5: Individual pieces (re)translated　/ 285
Appendix 4-6: Popularity of individual pieces (re)translated　/ 311
Appendix 4-7: Female-focused monographs and popularity list　/ 312
Appendix 4-8: Anthologies and popularity list of individual pieces　/ 317
Appendix 4-9: Li Qingzhao and her peers in anthologies　/ 323