China Ascends in Science While U.S. Declines ...................................1
Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2021 .................... 4
The Global Distribution of STEM Graduates: Which Countries Lead the Way? 2023 .......... 5
The Belfer Center “The Great Tech Rivalry: China versus the U.S.” 2021 ........................... 5
“Highly Cited Researchers” Report by Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) at Clarivate
in London, 2021 ................................................................................................................. 6
U.S. National Science Foundation “The State of U.S. Science and Engineering 2022” ........ 7
“Winners and Losers in U.S.-China Scientific Research Collaborations” by Lee and Haupt,
2020 .................................................................................................................................... 8
Japan’s National Institute of Science and Technology Top-cited Scientific Research Papers,
2022 .................................................................................................................................... 8
Home Citations Indicate Actual Science Advances and Not “Citation Stacking” ................. 9
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, 2023. “Statistical Data of Chinese
S&T Papers” .................................................................................................................... 11
“Global Citation Inequality is on the Rise” by Nielsen and Andersen, PNAS 2021 ............ 12
National Science Board: Science & Engineering Indicators 2022 and 2024 ........................ 13
Center for Strategic & International Studies “Winning the Tech Talent Competition” 2021
........................................................................................................................................... 15
Leiden Ranking Open Edition, 2024 .................................................................................... 16
RAND Report on “China’s Propensity for Innovation in the 21st Century” 2020 .............. 17
GEII 2023: Global Enterprise Innovation Index, GEII. Institute of Data Intelligence, Wuhan
University and ISTIC ....................................................................................................... 17
“Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty” 16th Edition, WIPO
2024 .................................................................................................................................. 18
“China-Based Inventors Filing Most GenAI Patents, WIPO Data Shows”, WIPO 2024 ... 18
“State of the Science” Address of the National Academy of Sciences ................................. 19
World University Rankings ................................................................................................... 22
Why Has Modern China Rapidly Ascended in Science? .................27
Population Size and Affluence .............................................................................................. 30
Scientist Leaders ................................................................................................................... 30
China’s Educational Structure .............................................................................................. 31
Addressing the Shortage of Qualified Teachers .................................................................... 33
Teaching-to-the-Test ............................................................................................................. 36
National Educational Management ....................................................................................... 38
University-Level Research Management .............................................................................. 38
China’s State Science and Technology Commission Changes Research Appraisal System in
1995 .................................................................................................................................. 39
The New York Times Details China’s Massive Expansion of Higher Education in 2013
........................................................................................................................................... 40
Rigor and Accreditation of Higher Education ...................................................................... 41
English as Language of Science ........................................................................................... 41
English as a Cross-Cultural Advantage ................................................................................. 43
Different Language, Different Thinking, But Universal Science ......................................... 44
Greater Respect for Education, especially STEM ................................................................ 47
Greater Valuing of Science and Math ................................................................................... 51
Education .............................................................................................................................. 52
Elite Schools ......................................................................................................................... 56
Perception of Vocational Colleges ........................................................................................ 57
Funding Incentives ................................................................................................................ 58
Classmates ( 同学， tónɡxué) ............................................................................................... 59
Academic Partitioning .......................................................................................................... 60
Fair Examination ................................................................................................................... 60
Guanxi, the Relationships and Obligations ( 关系， guānxì) ................................................ 62
Legalism in Science Integrity ............................................................................................... 63
Use of Publication to Validate a Degree ............................................................................... 63
Promoting Research and Publication Integrity ..................................................................... 64
Teacher Training Institutions in China .................................................................................. 65
Analysis of Chinese-authored Articles Finds Better-Than-Average High Citations ............ 69
Lysenkoism’s Short Life in China ........................................................................................ 70
China’s First Science Nobel Prize ........................................................................................ 71
Basic versus Applied Science ............................................................................................... 74
Peer Review .......................................................................................................................... 82
Elimination of “Honorary” Authors ..................................................................................... 83
Plagiarism ............................................................................................................................. 84
Government and Professional Efforts to Promote Science Integrity .................................... 85
Replication Will Ultimately Reveal Incorrect Science ......................................................... 87
“Least Publishable Unit” ...................................................................................................... 87
“Math Significance” May Vary ............................................................................................. 87
Text Recycling ...................................................................................................................... 88
“Blacklisting” of Journals ..................................................................................................... 88
Recruitment of World Talent ................................................................................................. 89
Introducing More Questioning .............................................................................................. 90
College Graduate Examinations Also Promote Creative Questioning .................................. 92
Advancement of Advanced Students .................................................................................... 95
Open Access .......................................................................................................................... 95
Maintenance of Print; Minimalization of Digital Reading ................................................... 96
China’s Limits to Online Coursework .................................................................................. 97
Why the U.S. Descends in Science? ....................................................99
Governmental Structures ..................................................................................................... 101
40-Year Drumbeat of Science Decline in the United States ............................................... 103
English Language as a Drawback in Mathematics ............................................................. 136
“Anti-Intellectualism” ........................................................................................................ 137
Foreign Students Are Not Taking Science Jobs Away from Americans ............................ 140
Competition Mindset and Science as a Private Good ......................................................... 141
Teacher Education and Content Deflation .......................................................................... 142
U.S. Education Schools Lack Direction ............................................................................. 144
Ending the Carnegie Unit and Substituting Tests ............................................................... 146
Generalized Science versus Specific Science Subdisciplines ............................................. 147
AAAS “Less Science, Not More” ...................................................................................... 148
State Assessments ............................................................................................................... 149
Corporatization of Higher Education .................................................................................. 149
Grade Inflation .................................................................................................................... 151
Questionable Accreditation and “Dual Credit” Courses .................................................... 153
Standardized Assessment: Achievement Tests versus Aptitude Tests ................................. 155
Nobel Prizes ........................................................................................................................ 157
Inferiority of Online Science Coursework .......................................................................... 158
Foreign Students Essential to Buttress U.S. Future in Science ........................................... 159
Asian American Scholar Forum .......................................................................................... 159
Building a Wall around Science: The Effect of U.S.-China on International Scientific
Research ......................................................................................................................... 160
U.S. Recognition of Its Decline in Science ......................................................................... 160
U.S. Libraries Discard Print in Erroneous Belief All Science Literature is Now Digital ... 162
U.S. Failure to Adopt the Metric System ............................................................................ 162
Will China Continue to Ascend in Science? ....................................165
Acknowledgements ............................................................................172
中国科学的快速发展与美国科学的相对下滑..................................175
乔治城大学安全与新兴技术中心发布的报告，2021 年................................................. 178
《全球 STEM 毕业生分布：哪些国家引领潮流？》，2023 年 ........................................ 180
贝尔弗科学与国际事务中心《中美科技大竞争》，2021 年 .......................................... 180
科睿唯安旗下科学信息研究所《高被引科学家》，2021 年 .......................................... 183
美国国家科学基金会《2022 年美国科学与工程状况》 .................................................. 183
《中美科研合作的赢家与输家》，2020 年 ........................................................................ 184
日本科学技术·学术政策研究所《高被引科学研究论文》，2022 年 .......................... 185
本土引用反映真实科学进展而非“引用堆砌”................................................................ 185
中国科学技术信息研究所《中国科技论文统计报告》，2023 年 .................................. 187
《全球引用不平等加剧》（美国国家科学院院刊），2021 年 .......................................... 188
美国国家科学委员会《科学与工程指标》，2022 年与 2024 年 .................................... 188
战略与国际研究中心《赢得科技人才竞争》，2021 年 .................................................. 190
莱顿大学开放版排名，2024 年......................................................................................... 191
兰德公司《21 世纪中国的创新倾向》，2020 年 ............................................................. 192
全球企业创新指数（GEII），2023 年 .............................................................................. 192
《2023 年全球创新指数：面对不确定性的创新》，2024 年 ........................................... 193
“WIPO 数据显示绝大多数的 GenAI 专利是由中国人申请的”，2024 年 .................... 193
美国国家科学院《科学现状》 ........................................................................................... 194
世界大学排名情况.............................................................................................................. 198
现代中国科学为何能快速发展？......................................................205
人口规模与富裕程度 ......................................................................................................... 208
科学家领袖 ......................................................................................................................... 208
中国的教育结构.................................................................................................................. 209
解决合格教师短缺问题 ..................................................................................................... 210
应试教育 ............................................................................................................................. 213
国家教育管理 ..................................................................................................................... 215
大学层面研究管理 ............................................................................................................. 215
中国的研究评估体系改革 ................................................................................................. 216
中国高等教育的大规模扩张 ............................................................................................. 217
高等教育的严谨性与认证 ................................................................................................. 217
英语作为科学通用语言 ..................................................................................................... 218
英语在跨文化交流中的优势 ............................................................................................. 219
语言不同，思维不同，但科学具有普遍性 ..................................................................... 220
对教育（特别是 STEM 领域）的高度重视 .................................................................... 223
对科学和数学的高度重视 ................................................................................................. 228
教育 ..................................................................................................................................... 229
重点建设学校 ..................................................................................................................... 233
对职业学院的看法 ............................................................................................................. 234
资金激励 ............................................................................................................................. 234
同学 ..................................................................................................................................... 236
学术分区 ............................................................................................................................. 236
公平考试 ............................................................................................................................. 237
关系与义务 ......................................................................................................................... 238
科学诚信中的法家思想 ..................................................................................................... 239
论著发表与学位授予 ......................................................................................................... 239
促进研究和出版诚信 ......................................................................................................... 240
中国的教师培训机构 ......................................................................................................... 241
中国学者文章高引用率优于平均水平 ............................................................................. 246
李森科主义在中国的短暂影响 ......................................................................................... 246
中国的第一个诺贝尔科学奖 ............................................................................................. 247
基础科学与应用科学 ......................................................................................................... 250
同行评审 ............................................................................................................................. 258
取消“荣誉作者”现象 ..................................................................................................... 259
抄袭问题 ............................................................................................................................. 260
政府与专业界推动科研诚信的努力 ................................................................................. 261
科学研究的可复现性终将揭示谬误 ................................................................................. 263
最小可发表单元 ................................................................................................................. 263
“统计显著性”的适用范围可能存在差异 ....................................................................... 263
文本重复使用 ..................................................................................................................... 263
期刊“预警名单”制度 ..................................................................................................... 264
世界人才招聘 ..................................................................................................................... 265
引入更多提问 ..................................................................................................................... 266
研究生考试对创造性提问的促进作用 ............................................................................. 268
优秀学生的进阶培养 ......................................................................................................... 271
开放获取出版 ..................................................................................................................... 271
印刷品的留存与数字阅读的适度化 ................................................................................. 272
中国在线课程的发展边界 ................................................................................................. 272
美国科学为何出现相对下滑？..........................................................275
政府架构 ............................................................................................................................. 277
美国科学下滑 40 年的警钟 ............................................................................................... 278
英语是数学中的一个缺点 ................................................................................................. 310
“反智主义” ......................................................................................................................... 311
国际学生并未抢占美国本土科学岗位 ............................................................................. 316
竞争思维与作为私人产品的科学 ..................................................................................... 316
教师教育和内容缩水 ......................................................................................................... 318
美国的教育学院缺乏方向 ................................................................................................. 319
废除卡内基学分制并以考试替代 ..................................................................................... 322
广义科学与特定科学子学科 ............................................................................................. 323
美国科学促进会：“减少而非增加科学” ......................................................................... 323
州评估 ................................................................................................................................. 325
高等教育商业化 ................................................................................................................. 325
分数膨胀 ............................................................................................................................. 326
存疑的认证体系与“双学分”课程 ................................................................................. 328
标准化评估：学业成就测试与能力倾向测试 ................................................................ 330
诺贝尔奖 ............................................................................................................................. 332
在线科学课程的劣势 ......................................................................................................... 333
国际学生是支撑美国科学未来的关键 ............................................................................. 333
亚裔美国学者论坛 ............................................................................................................. 334
在科学周围筑起一道墙：中美关系对国际科学研究的影响 ........................................ 334
美国对其科学下滑的认识 ................................................................................................. 335
美国图书馆误以为科学文献已全面数字化而弃用纸质文献 ......................................... 336
美国未推行公制单位 ......................................................................................................... 337
中国科学能否继续保持发展势头？..................................................339
致 谢..................................................................................................347
References ...........................................................................................349